Esempio di foglietto illustrativo documentato dall’Agenzia europea per i medicinali (EMA) [3].

Figura 1: Opacizzazione bianca della cornea nell’area lesa (Schrage et al., 2019)
Possono quindi verificarsi precipitazioni con:

Adattato da Rihawi, Frentz e Schrage (2006). Andamento del pH intraoculare dopo esposizione alla soda caustica, seguita da un risciacquo di 15 minuti con un tampone fosfato (PBS) e con la soluzione DIPHOTERINE®.
[1] L G Carney, T F Mauger, R M Hill; Buffering in human tears: pH responses to acid and base challenge.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989;30(4):747-754.
[2] European Medicines Agency (EMA). Questions and answers on the use of phosphates in eye drops.
EMA/CHMP/753373/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2012.
[3] European Medicines Agency (EMA), Information for the package leaflet regarding phosphates used as excipients in eye drops, EMA/CHMP/632775/2016, 2017.
[4] Kompa S, Redbrake C, Dunkel B, Weber A, Schrage N. Corneal calcification after chemical eye burns caused by eye drops containing phosphate buffer. Burns. 2006 Sep;32(6):744-7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.01.003. Epub 2006 Jul 10. PMID: 16835011.
[5] Schrage NF, Abu SS, Hermanns L, Panfil C, Dutescu RM. Irrigation with phosphate-buffered saline causes corneal calcification during treatment of ocular burns. Burns. 2019 Dec;45(8):1871-1879. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.04.022. Epub 2019 Oct 16. PMID: 31629617.
[6] Lindsay, W.L., Vlek, P.L.G. and Chien, S.H. (1989). Phosphate Minerals. In Minerals in Soil Environments (eds J.B. Dixon and S.B. Weed). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c22.
[7] House, W. A. (1999). The Physico-Chemical Conditions for the Precipitation of Phosphate with Calcium. Environmental Technology, 20(7), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332008616867.
[8] Rihawi, S., Frentz, M. & Schrage, N.F. Emergency treatment of eye burns: which rinsing solution should we choose?. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmo 244, 845–854 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0034-3.